Rainier Room- United States Coast Guard Integrated Support Unit
Seattle, Washington
December 8-9, 2009
Meeting Minutes
A copy of these minutes is available as a pdf.
Appendices
Executive Summary
The Arctic Icebreaker Coordinating
Committee (AICC) held their winter meeting on December 8-9, 2009 at the United
States Coast Guard Integrated Support Center, Pier 36, 1519 Alaskan Way,
Seattle Washington. The meeting was attended by AICC members, United States
Coast Guard, National Science
Foundation, Office of Naval Research, U.S Arctic Research Commission, NOAA,
Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Laboratory, National Ice Center, and the UNOLS Office. A complete
attendance sheet is included in the appendices. Many issues as they relate to Arctic
research were discussed. The meeting highlights included a ceremony to mark the
change in the Committee Chair from Dr. Carin Ashjian, (WHOI) to Dr. Robin
Muench, (ESR).
1.
Alaskan Community contacts still need work
2.
Icefloe questionnaire improvements continually being
made.
3.
Retreat in Alameda needs to be revisited.
4.
Protocol for science equipment has been a part of the
new MOA between NSF and the USCG. Renee Crain and Lisa Mack have the lead on
this.
5.
Polar Sea upgrades
to science equipment needs AICC input.
6.
Continue to track
foreign research vessels working in Alaskan waters and make sure when US State
Dept. receives request for operations in Alaskan waters, the local native
communities are informed.
7.
Science of Opportunities
needs to be identified earlier if possible. There are none anticipated in the
coming year.
8.
Pickart/Polar Sea cruise has moorings that will
need a crane-, this needs further discussion
9.
Observers
Program- The process is not well documented. Accountability, details, and
obligations need to be clarified.
10.
Debrief form- use
the percentage scale and then articulate what caused anything less then 100 %.
11.
Create a budget
estimate for all upgrades currently identified.
Appendices Table – insert table
Minutes
Carin Ashjian, Chair/AICC
called the meeting to order at 0830. Introductions were made and a quorum
verified. Catherine Coon from Minerals Management Service called in. Minutes
from the June 2009 meeting were accepted as written.
Carin provided a review of the
list of Action Items from the June 2009 mtg.
Progress made since the last
meeting include:
·
Elected new AICC
members to replace departing members
·
Finished debrief
of Healy Cruises
·
Revised Berthing
Policy
·
Members of AICC
joined an ARVOC teleconference (Renee, Robin, Jon)
·
Revised Medical policy
posted on Icefloe
·
Recommendations
submitted to MSO’s on the upright incubators
·
Carin gave talk
to AEWC at their July meeting and in September met with Harry Brower and Janice
Meadows, (AEWC Exec Director) in Barrow.
·
Bibliography of
past cruises has been compiled by Phil McGillivary.
Challenges as we move
forward:
-
Getting Polar Sea back to sea as a research
vessel - AICC is willing to provide input on request.
-
Continue working
with native communities, especially now with increasing pressure from industry:
outreach efforts have been very beneficial and need to be continued.
-
Establish a relationship
with ARVOC
-
Keep up with
debriefs and recommendations.
-
Think about an
icebreaker retreat in PACAREA
-
NSF to establish
science logistics support that will include radioisotope logistics
-
Cruise scheduling
and planning- Efforts are ongoing to schedule and get cruise planning documents
submitted earlier.
-
Chief Scientist
needs additional time and support to fill the role as Ch Scientists. These
cruises are very complex and require a significant investment of time.
-
Appropriately
handle requests from industry for Arctic science.
-
The observer
program needs to be clarified as to exact requirement, tasking, outcome and
funding.
General Business and Reports-
Jon Alberts/ UNOLS Office
- The UNOLS Office is fully
staffed now.
- We are starting a pilot
program to look at research vessel technician retention and recruitment, with
funding from NSF. One idea is to use expert contract techs to work on cruises,
where possible. Program should start in January 2010.
- The UNOLS community is
working with the Rolling Deck to Repository (R2R) Project team which is taking cruise
metadata from time of ship time request on through all cruise data. The goal is
to provide a central repository for all cruise data (LDEO, WHOI, and SIO). R2R
will primarily provide a good data archive of cruise metadata, e.g. navigation,
weather, and all other data captured by the ship systems. The intent is not to add
to the workload of the techs, but to attempt to streamline the process. Healy data are being used as a prototype
for this project. (www.rvdata.us)
- In November UNOLS assisted
the Coast Guard and NSF/OPP by facilitating communications with Dr. Chen
Hongxia from the Chinese First Institute of Oceanography.
- The Ship Scheduling Committee
scheduled 3800 total UNOLS days for next year. The global ships are fully
subscribed but very weak for intermediate sized ships. Alvin replacement design
review is still underway.
- UNOLS Office is looking at
possibly adding ARVOC to the UNOLS office which may increase vessel access and
break down some barriers. Antarctic vessels have a lot of science tech support
as compared to UNOLS ships, so look at merging systems and bringing them closer.
An ad hoc committee will look at
terms of reference, charter members, and possibly establish another committee
with UNOLS. The AICC role will continue as it is.
Dan Schwartz (UW)/ SCOAR
- The Scientific Committee
for Oceanographic Aircraft Research, (SCOAR) recently met by teleconference and
is planning a Town Hall at Ocean Sciences 2010. The committee promotes the use
of airborne assets as research facilities similarly to ships. Dan provided a power point presentation with photos
of autonomous aircraft, many useable from ships. The group deals with both
manned and unmanned aircraft. Safety of system use aboard ship has been
verified.
Steve Hartz (Univ. of Alaska) RVTEC
- The 2009 RVTEC meeting was
held in November at Univ. of Washington and was highly successful.
Minutes available at
www.unols.org
Deborah Hutchinson – USGS report
- Deborah presented a power
point presentation on the two-ship work last summer with the Healy and Louis St. Laurent as part of the US Extended Continental Shelf (ECS)
Project. The cruise collecting seismic data was extremely successful. It exceeded
its goals by more than 25%, got to 84 N, and got good data quality even in
heavy ice. The 2010 field season will be the last of the Canadian seismic work,
with cruise in August. Healy/Louis for ~40 days with Jon Childs as
Craig Russell - NOAA (for Andy Armstrong who was unable to attend)
- RUSALCA 2009 (Kathy Crane involvement). "Russian-American Long
Term Census of the Arctic". One additional large cruise scheduled. Some
thought that the Bering Strait part may continue on an annual basis. - UNCLOS mapping update (law of the sea
related), using seismic profiling, sonobuoys and dredges. Also got a lot of
bathymetric data. Will be a 2010 cruise on Healy,
and another in 2011 (bathymetry only, no seismic?). Some NOAA ships will also
participate. Bathymetry data in Canadian EEZ is subject to an embargo for some
period. Seismic data are all embargoed for a period of time, to be determined.
-
- NOAA Ship Fairweather- A NOAA cruise is being
planned by James Crocker for going into Provideniya.
NOAA is increasing its
interest in Arctic research. A Healy cruise request from Larry Mayer in
2011 will be submitted through UNOLS.
Mike Prince - ONR
- Mike was hired by ONR at 60
% time at CIRPAS/ Div. 321- Navy Research Facility of Ocean sensing and
applications. Mike is working with Tim
Schnoor who is in charge of facilities and includes UNOLS ONR ships and Alvin.
- ONR is taking a renewed
interest in Arctic. Last summer one cruise funded by NOPP and ship time paid by
ONR. Question was asked whether ONR will increase funding for Arctic research,
to which ONR responded that a task force is looking at how changes in
- Mike's role is to represent
the UNOLS community in the building of Ocean Class Ships. ~ 210-225ft at 85
million each delivered in FY 2014 and interface with UNOLS. Four UNOLS operators have submitted proposals.
End of Jan 2010 the operators will be decided. The two design teams will be
reviewed and selected.
Denise Kruse -
- The National Ice Center supports all operations and planning for anyone who needs sea ice information. The primary concern is to make sure the products properly address the needs of users, who are encouraged to contact them. Products include everything from global ice conditions to specialized products for ships. Large lead times are advisable if there is an anticipated future demand for support. The outfit is minimally manned and not 24/7, but is dedicated and can provide good support. Radarsat 1 images are $3K per shot, though, so the service is very pricey. ESA says that their future policy will be near real-time and free for SAR, so the trend might be toward more affordable data. All future options are under consideration.
John Farrell - US Arctic Research Commission
- A "Road Map" to
Arctic Research was released a week ago- http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=49725
John explained the importance
of the Arctic and why the
USCG Reports
John Reeves - XO on Healy
- A service life machinery
evaluation survey is underway on Healy, and he requested input from AICC.
If you have question,
thoughts, or concerns, please send then to john.d.reeves@uscg.mil
who would like these by 18
December 2009.
Lisa Mack/USCG Headquarters
- The Coast Guard is undergoing
a modernization in the overall organization, Lisa showed an organizational chart
as to where the organization is right now and noted that it is still a work in
progress. The Ice Ops Program within Lisa’s office covers domestic ice
breaking, polar icebreaking, and international ice patrol.
Priority issues:
- Return of budget authority
from the NSF, the target being to have a revised MOA in place by 2011.
- Recapitalization for Polar Star reactivation (shooting for
late FY12), high latitude requirements study, and new acquisitions or service
life extension projects. This will provide a bridge to the decision between a
new acquisition or a service life extension.
- Communication/coordination.
Both internal, interagency, and support of CG and other agency Arctic
initiatives.
- Internal Arctic initiatives
matrix team to develop Arctic strategy and link to national goals, and 17th
District proof-of-concept operations.
- Deal with the issue of
budget authority over the Polar Star following re-activation, given that NSF has opted out of funding for the Star.
Greg Somers - PACAREA
- PacArea is going through reorganization. It
is unsure when the changes will occur, however, the same groups will still be
responsible, i.e. Forcucci, McGillivary and Somers won’t change.
- JMS Naval Architects & Salvage Engineers did a third party
review on Polar Sea, and the CG has
received their report and will start work on most issues that are within
budget.
Steve Hartz - Alaska Region Research Vessel- (ARRV)
- Steve provided an update on
the ARRV, which is now 254 ft in length. This is 12 ft longer then final design
review, with the aft deck longer. Ship
will be Polar Class 5, capable of breaking 2.5 ft of ice at three knots. Being
built at
Catherine Coon - Mineral Management Service (MMS)
- There are over 50 ongoing
Arctic studies currently underway, and Catherine reinforced that MMS wants to
be involved with AICC activities (www.mms.gov/alaska).
Samples of the studies underway include:
·
Physical
oceanography and meteorological studies, as well as surface radar mapping in
Beaufort and Chukchi Sea.
·
Beaufort Sea
near-shore currents using ADCP
·
Sea ice
over-flooding in Smith and Camden Bays
·
High Arctic kelp
bed studies
·
Fate and effects
of oil in snow and ice studies
·
Bowhead whale
studies including aerial surveys and satellite tracking
Renee Crain - NSF/OPP
- NSF is preparing a
solicitation for ship support. Details are being worked out. The solicitation
will be for technical support as well as cruise planning support. This person would interface with all the users
and all the UNOLS institutions that support OPP/Arctic cruises.
- No planned changes to the
medical forms or processing, though there is growing concern about medical
vetting for the many alternate ways in which researchers work in the Arctic.
They do not want to create unenforceable policies.
-The BEST cruises will be on
Matt Irinaga - CH2MHill Polar Services
- They are the primary NSF
Arctic Logistics Contractor (matt@polarfield.com/ )
- They will supplant BASC in
providing passenger and cargo handling, lodging, and ground transport in
Barrow. Also facilitating permitting and local coordination. The transport of
cargo and personnel to Barrow from the ship remains an issue. Helos sometimes
can’t fly and smaller suitable vessels are not always in the area. This issue
needs more discussion before the next meeting. The landing craft from Bowhead
is one option but there are scheduling issues. Should we explore using the Healy’s boats instead of Helos?
The small boat and the helos
mix needs to be worked out for 2010.
Operations Planning for 2010 and beyond
- Healy 2010
Schedule. A shakedown cruise is planned for mid April.
- On May 16, 2010 Healy depart Seattle for Honolulu for multibeam acceptance trials, then to Dutch
Harbor for NASA cruise which will depart Dutch June 15 with Kevin Arrigo, up to
Beaufort for 30 days, then back to Seward, and do the ECS in August, then
Chukchi Seas cruise for Coakley in Sept doing seismic cruise, then back to
Seattle. The seismic system for Coakley still needs to be built, which is an
issue in respect to permits.
- 2011- Coakley wants to go
again in August-September and Larry Mayer wants to do more ECS work.
A NASA cruise will go again,
as well.
CDR Greg Stanclik - USCG/Baltimore
- He works in
- He reports that The Healy support structure is unchanged
despite some administrative shuffling.
- Healy will be in dry-dock from November 2009 through March 2010-
Multibeam replacement is the big project. Shafts will be pulled, hull plating and frames repaired, and propeller
hubs.
- Polar Sea just returned from Arctic west and will be in stand by mode until Jan 2010, when
she will act as the stand by vessel for Operation Deep Freeze 2010. Cranes have
been ordered but won’t be ready for installation in summer 2010.
- Issues: Pickart has moorings
that will need a crane-, this needs further discussion.
- Scheduled for dry dock
availability in May-June 2010
- Polar Star-
A $60M reactivation plan is place is worked out to reactivate this ship. Goal
now is a 3 year plan, but this all is pending budget authority. Back up to a
seagoing status in lat-e 2012, early 2013.
1545: Regular Meeting-
Adjourned- followed by executive session
Wednesday 9 Dec 2009- Meeting commences at 0830
John Anderson - Chair of Antarctic Research Vessel
Oversight Committee (ARVOC)
- John called into the
meeting and provided some background information and current status report on
ARVOC. This is an advisory committee
which is answerable to, and provides feedback to, Raytheon Polar Services.
- Earlier in 2009, ARVOC received
a letter from Scott Borg/ NSF/OPP that the Laurence
M.Gould contract would not be renewed. Last January, they convened a special meeting in
Wash DC for 2 days to determine how they could keep doing science without the
LMG. Palmer Station would be significantly
impacted. There was a lot of discussion
of what UNOLS does better that is not done as well in the Antarctic. Then 2
months later we were told the LMG contract would be renewed. ARVOC is very open
to future collaboration with UNOLS and AICC. We need the LMG for Palmer Station and we need
some plans in place to handle the LMG contract. Not yet singed, but we expect
it will be.
- The Nathaniel Palmer is approaching her 15th year of
service; to replace the Palmer would
take 10 years if we started today. We did a design a few yrs back for a new design,
but this was shelved. We know Palmer could serve another 10 yrs, but there is concern that the ship isn’t being used
as much in the winter, a lot of discussion.
Cdr Michelle Webber- 17th District USCG - Incident
Management Branch in
- Cdr Webber explained that 3
years ago the CG moved up to North Slope to see what it would take to operate
in the Arctic. We learned very early on that engaging with Native communities
was very important. A list of programs follows here.
- Major efforts are underway
with native consultations to create a native cultural communications course.
- This past year in
- In
- Helped communities with
search and rescue demos, beach clean-ups, medical issues, and community
outreach efforts which included a build-a-boat project.
- One of our challenges is
diversity in CG. We thought it would be good for District 17- Recruitment of
native Alaskans. We started a “Kids Don’t float Program” to help kids with life
jackets and water safety.
- USCGC SPAR did a cruise in summer 2009, put in a 12 meter buoy west of
- CGC Alex Haley- Arctic patrol in Sept to Oct 2009
- Arctic domain awareness
missions, community outreach,
- Maritime Boundary Line patrol
flights-C130’s to Air Station Kodiak, done twice a month from March to Dec, to
help pilotsLearn the area, feeding info back to district, ice, erosion, as well
as boundary line law enforcement for fisheries enforcement. These flights are
opened to science of opportunity, though approval of any necessary gear can
take up to a year.
- Oil Spill Recovery
Institute near Cordova at
- Geo-reference camera
flights, last year, currently this program is on hold. This is used to add GPS
positions to photos for online location use.
- Air-data Collection has
been the most commonly used science of opportunity program- Dr. Colm Sweeney
has been quite active in this.
- New projects using
air-dropped buoys (e.g. one WOCE buoy), laser altimeter (ice thickness mapping)
and T probes. One AXBT probe launch test.
- Native Commissions include
AEWC and Eskimo Walrus Commission, and CG has been attending their meetings and
presenting planned CG activities. This includes some icebreaker activities such
as science transfer out of Barrow near opening day of whaling season. Crucial
that ship is >50 miles due west of Barrow during whaling season: constant
communications are needed. Looked at issues like walrus kills.
Can we coordinate District 17
work with AICC-related outreach, in the sense of working with them in telling
natives about cruise activities? Natives have early input re cruises and goals,
but too early and they can forget. Flag a couple of the 2010 cruises for
possible problems in this area ( Coakley seismic, Pickart mooring work close in
off Barrow). Need to sort out true status of "native observers"
aboard the ship.
- Eskimo Whaling commission
asked us to fly a survey flight, but Fisheries would not
Allow it as a “take permit”
was not in place. So survey flight was not done.
- We spent 1.27 million in
Arctic ops last year. This year will depend on if we get a budget.
- Arctic 2010- Flights planned
for March to December which will be the Arctic Awareness flights.
Phil McGillivary - Science Liaison
- Phil provided an extensive
overview of the Polar Sea cruises in
2009 in his power point slides. Cruises in 2009
- R. Coffin- methane hydrate,
mostly ONR. Had a radiation lab van and an ROV plus Scott Hiller from SIO to
assist.
- Ben-David/Harlow Cruise-
focus was on polar bear and marine mammals. Teachers on board, good blogs
- Chen- Chinese mooring
cruise.- too much ice though, not able to recover mooring,
There was a polyna, but it
refroze.
- Polar Sea 2010 over view and schedule included in his slides in appendices. Phil also raised
a few issues.
- Pickart’s cruise dates will
conflict with whaling season; this will require more coordination and communications.
Also Pickart is working way to the east.
Carin Ashjian - Healy Debriefs
- Carin provided details of
the debriefs in her power point presentation.
- Healy 0904 Pickart- cruise was very successful. One issue was the mooring winch on CG
icebreaker ships. Pickart recommends a
winch be procured.
- Observer – NSF needs to
require some accountability of the observers, this needs some work. The process
is not well documented and details and obligations are not clear.
- HLY 09-05 /Mayer cruise: two
ship op with Louis St. Laurent.
Cruise had many successes.
Challenges-
- Icefloe was redundant
- Gear storage in Seattle between
field seasons- this issue is being worked on now.
- AICC Reviews and
recommendations - Carin requested a ranking of all issues
With a numbering system, we
reviewed the items that were 1.5 or higher.
- Mooring Winch- Dale - I
think the right strategy is to have the WHOI maintain a mooring
Winch
Michael Macrander - Shell Oil Company (tel:
907-317-9314)
- Called into the meeting to
discuss possible opportunities in the
The point-of-contact is Michael
Macrander, but Shell is thinking of a third party provider.
Interested parties can buy
time. Shell has used the Canadian
icebreakers in the past.
Polar Sea 2009
Debriefs
- Carin Ashjian provided an
overview of the debrief process.
- PSEA0901-Rick Coffin, Chief
Scientist. Reported that 70 % of cruise objectives were met. Some issues were
the multibeam, small boat issues, and not being able to do 24 hours operations.
Challenges- Old cranes make it risky to launch the boats.
- PSEA09-02 Ben David- Chief
Scientist. This was a polar bear cruises and was 60-70 % successful.
Details in debrief.
- Debrief Forms- Issue of how
to phrase the question concerning satisfaction with cruise, i.e. should it be
prioritized or a percentage. Renee Crain asked if weather losses could be
considered in the evaluation. How satisfied were you with meeting the overall
science objectives? A scale of 1-10 and/or
comments was discussed. What percentage of the planned science objectives was
met during the cruise?
Action item-
Take the percentage question and use this one. No preference from USCG.
And then articulate what
caused anything less then 100 %
- Could debriefs be done on
the cruise- Yes, AICC Chair needs to make sure the Ch. Scientist has the forms
ahead of time. Also the Ch Scientist needs to articulate the cruise needs and
the cruise plan must be submitted to the Captain before the cruise.
Science Modifications, Infrastructure and Status of Equipment-
- ADCP 150- Steve Hartz will
let the Healy use theirs, just need
to buy new cable.
- Incubators- we have a plan
for these, but multibeam has priority. Plan is to get one repaired, in time for
Lee Cooper cruise. Then we are asking NSF for funds to replace a new one.
- Mooring Winch- John Kemp,
(WHOI) was asked for a quote to purchase and maintain a mooring winch. Quote
was approximately $70, 000 to purchase and $20,000 per year to maintain.
- Vans- Matt Hawkins (NSF)
offered to look at a feasibility study to move vans from fwd location, this was
funded and we have 3 quotes to review. Engineering Officer has it on the Healy for review. The two older vans
can’t be grandfathered due to age and condition. There is a 3rd van
that may be grandfathered. Dave Forcucci is trying to find out who owns these
two old ones. Dave Forcucci and Phil McGillivary have the van requests in for
2010.
- Multibeam Replacement- Dale
Chayes provided an extensive power point presentation.The timeline was a
learning experience for Dale, idea was floated in 2003 at AICC, and it has
taken this long. A lot of engineering went into this, SAIC provided consulting
on what system to install. Field trials are scheduled on the transit to
- Seabeam 2112 has been
removed- Kongsberg EM122- new multibeam- this system will give seafloor
reflectivity that the Seabeam system would not.
- Helmsman will have bridge
display in bridge and aloft conning station.
- Acceptance test- pitch,
roll, and repeatability. Current plan will be to go to Hawaii
- Science Upgrades during
Drydock- No other major upgrades
planned-, but a better Aloft Conning station is being planned.
- ADCP’s- There have been chronic
problems with these two systems. Can’t get spares for the BB150. Will borrow one in 2010, but Dale recommends
a new one be purchased in 2010/2011 and provided NSF with an approximate budget.
- Wire Tension- wire monitor
for winches, recommend purchasing one for Healy.
- New PC02- /TSG locations-
PPt with suggested locations, set-up, plumbing arrangements
- Computer lab- back in 2005,
awareness developed that there was a problem here. We proposed a rearrangement
and working up some different designs now in concert with EO on ship. Would
like to get this on schedule for the 2010/2011 maintenance period.
- Improved Acoustic Communications:
at present the ship has to stop to dip a hydrophone, and new proposal is to
install a transducer and integrate it.
- Renee Crain request: it
would be best to get a complete budget estimate for all these upgrades to
investigate funding mechanisms.
Action Item – Check with Dale on his creation of a budget for Renee
- Science Tech Support:we
will sail at least two people on each Healy cruise,and are looking to hire one new person. Still need to see the science plan to determine make-up of which techs
to send.
Jim Wilson - ESU Report - Electronic
Systems Support Unit Seattle, USCG (james.m.wilson@uscg.mil)
- Polar Star has no science network, but work on Polar
Sea has indicated what would be needed. Healy will have VSAT, and Iridium Reachback will enhance email capabilities. VSAT
will go in during January 2010. ECR prototype has been approved. Satellite
services will be contracted out and testing to science network to commence in
spring.
- Polar Sea uses Inmarsat B and iridium reachback (low speed, stable and consistent).
Inmarsat had problems on the last cruise, now being evaluated. Low bandwidth
precluded web access. The iridium open port WAN install (both Healy and Polar Sea) was temporary and undergoing tests during the past
summer. Need an engineering change request for the permanent installation. Have
in hand two units per ship (1 spare per ship). Used for large file and image
transfers while underway on science missions only. Issue is not hardware or
engineering, rather, it is a computer security issue. Question (Dale) as to
where DOD stands with respect to Iridium. What is VSAT bandwidth (Renee)? No
changes scheduled to the LAN on any vessel other than software upgrades. Wilson
has got a debrief on this material from each departing PI.
Polar Sea had problems with web speed and emails, but mostly because of Inmarsat problem
and system startup issues. Should have email addresses in similar form between
the Polar Sea and the Healy, as leads otherwise to some
confusion.
- Carin Ashjian asked if there
is need for the mapserver on Polar Sea? Renee thinks so, but more capability is
available if funding can be found. Much more complex if real-time data are
needed rather than just existing data as files. NOAA STS does not meet
requirements of Healy, and would not
on the Polars. Scaling issue goes beyond software and through to the server
itself for real-time data. Need to figure this out over the next few months
(Dale/Renee). Basically, more details are needed than "nice to have".
Website- Dave Forcucci reported
ICEFLOE is being regularly updated by Erin Jackson in the UNOLS Office.
Final Business
Dates and location for next
meeting:
April 27/28, 2010 in
Arlington and Dec 9/10, 2010 in Seattle.
Motion to adjourn- Meeting
adjourned at 1410, December 9, 2009.