Name:
Frank R. Rack
Title:
Assistant Director
Organization:
Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.
Address:
1755 Massachusetts Ave., NW; Suite 800
City:
Washington
State/Province: D.C.
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
20036-2102
Email:
frack@brook.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: None
3. Workshop Questions: What combination of deep submergence assets
are
needed to support observatory science and future ocean drilling
activities?
What are the engineering design requirements for tools and
human/mechanical interfaces to support future scientific programs
using
ROVs, AUVs and research submarines?
4. Region of Interest: Worldwide
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
I anticipate a wide range of submergence systems and
instruments might
be used to support observatory science and drilling activities.
I seek a
general understanding of all such systems.
6. Abstract:
I hope to develop a better understanding of the present and future
needs,
capabilities, and limitations of submergence systems at this workshop.
I
think it is important to maintain the appropriate mix of technologies
and
submergence systems to address the many challenges that our community
will
face in the next decade, as we proceed to deploy long-term, time-series
measurement systems and observatories to address scientific questions
outlined in recent reports and planning documents.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
3
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 5
Margins:
2
Shelf and Coastal: 1
Polar:
4
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long: 3
Time Series - Short: 1
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
4
Name:
Anna-Louise Reysenbach
Title:
Assistant Professor
Organization:
Portland State University, Dept. Environ Biol.
Address:
1719 SW 10th Ave
City:
Portland
State/Province: Oregon
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
97201
Email:
reysenbacha@pdx.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Microbiology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Jason
Alvin
Shinkaii 6500
Nautile
3. Workshop Questions: Is barophily an important consideration
for deep-sea
research?
4. Region of Interest: Global
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
ROV and manned submersibles
Tech development:
- rock/sulfide corers
- in situ measuring of microbiology (activity, biomass etc) and
geochemistry
6. Abstract:
a) What are the current technological limitations on your research,
and
what science could you do if these problems did not exist?
Includes limited (or no)ability to:
take discreet microbiological
samples
set up in situ measurements
(biological and geochemical)
do short-term microbial
monitoring
effective coring into
sulfides
maintaining samples
under pressure
Science that could be accomplished would include
Long and short-term
microbial monitoring (activity, diversity,
biomass etc) which would be tied to geochemical and macrobiological
in situ
monitoring
Explore the extent and
distributions of microorganisms in the
hydrothermal field (at the surface and subsurface)
b) What capabilities should be generally available for submergence science?
Routine sampling tools (includes new technologies that are developed
and
that become routine in different disciplines)
Obviously all these require maintenance, and the level of use will
vary
with the type expedition. This is not very different from
the capabilities
available to science today, however, a number of new developments
have been
made by individual investigators, such as multiple water samplers
(Butterfield), or plume water samplers (Chris German) that could
perhaps be
developed as routine shipboard equipment.
c) Where do you see submergence science going in the next decade?
In situ technologies
Short and long term monitoring (Observatories)
Increased ROV capabilities
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 2
Margins:
2
Shelf and Coastal: 2
Polar:
4
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long: 3
Time Series - Short: 4
Expeditionary:
2
Global:
5
Name:
Veronique Robigou
Title:
Marine Geologist
Organization:
University of Washington
Address:
School of Oceanography, Box 357940
City:
Seattle
State/Province:
Washington
Country:
ZIP Code:
98195-7940
Email:
vero@ocean.washington.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Submersible
Alvin
Submersible SeaCliff
Submersible Turtle
Medea/Jason ROV platform
ROPOS ROV platform
3. Workshop Questions: I have "non-traditional"
deep-submergence questions
but questions that need to be addressed
to bring deep-submergence into the
consciousness of the public and to
attract the reconnaissance it deserves
after having been one of the major
tools enabling the drastic evolution of
ideas about the dynamics of our planet
and about life in the last 20 years.
Deep-submergence has an incredible
attraction on the intellect of the
general public and as a community,
we have not seriously addressed how to
entrain and sustain the curiosity
of the public to support the efforts of
the deep-submergence community.
4. Region of Interest: NE Pacific
and mid-ocean ridges in general
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
For today's exploratory
mode (ie: cruises and use of ships)
1- Better, faster, cheaper communications
from platforms (vessels, subs,
AUVs) to labs on land. The web is
starting to be used as a repository to
access resources, data, etc... during
cruises but this development is still
in its infancy, expensive and cumbersome
despite the progress made in the
last few years.
For the future (ie cables, satellites,
remote observations, data
acquisition etc...)
2- Thinking about ways in which the
community can involve classrooms and
the general public without overwhelming
them with raw data and routine data
collection and still capture their
wonder about the deep ocean.
6. Abstract:
The REVEL Project: Research and Education
- Volcanoes, Exploration and
Life. An example of deep-submergence
outreach.
The mission of the REVEL Project is
to integrate middle and high school
science teachers into bona fide, fully-funded
research cruises designed to
study the full spectrum of processes
associated with submarine volcanoes. A
major new research theme has emerged
in the Earth and Life Sciences in the
past half decade that encompasses
broadly interdisciplinary exploration of
the deep crustal processes capable
of supporting extensive microbial
activity within the volcanically active
portions of the earth. This work is
germane to issues related to origin
of life, to the formation of ore
deposits, to the flow of heat and
chemical mass from the interior of the
planet, to the discovery and use of
extreme enzymes in laboratory and
pollution control situations, and
to the search for life on other planets.
Our program allows direct access of
a number of teacher-leaders to the
forefront of this exciting arena of
inquiry, by-passing textbooks to inject
into the classroom not only the issues
and ideas associated with this
rapidly growing research effort, but
the first-hand exposure to the
approaches, successes, failures and
essential tenacity that are the
integral components of successful
research into the unknown. Major
by-products of the REVEL experience
have been the overwhelming enthusiasm
of teachers and scientists involved,
and the lasting commitment of both for
sharing the materials, insights and
experiences gained in REVEL with the
communities from which they come.
Teachers are teamed with university
scientists in oceanographic research
programs designed to explore the
nature and evolution of volcanoes,
and life forms they support, along the
Juan de Fuca spreading center.
Since 1996, the REVEL Project funded
by the National Science Foundation,
Division of Ocean Sciences and the
University of Washington have entrained
38 teachers at sea on 6 different
expeditions on the Endeavour Segment of
the Juan de Fuca Ridge. In 1998, the
Pennsylvania State University and the
American Museum of Natural History
joined forces with the University of
Washington providing additional cruise
opportunities for teachers to
experience the research process and
collaboration with professional
educators at the Museum to translate
the teachers' experiences into
products usable by all teachers and
all students in their classrooms. Part
of the REVEL mission is to inspire
a large audience with the excitement of
deep-sea exploration, to invite them
to witness life at sea and to ignite
their curiosity with questions such
as the origin of life on our planet and
the possibility of life in the solar
system. REVEL has experimented for the
last four years with sharing the sea-going
experience and the science done
onboard research vessels while cruises
are taking place on the ocean. A web
site available all year round provides
background material to teachers,
students and the general public and
proposes access to a daily log
summarizing the cruise activities
while the research vessels are on site
and working under the sea surface
with ROVs or manned submersibles. The web
site has been very successful with
more than 50,000 hits per week during
the cruises and it is a powerful tool
to introduce oceanographic research
to an enthusiastic public. In the
last couple of years, other groups have
followed the lead of REVEL by developing
cruise-specific sites (2 sites in
1996, 8 sites in 1998, and 4 so far
in 1999)
http://www.ocean.washington.edu/outreach/revel
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
2
Margins:
2
Shelf and Coastal:
2
Polar:
2
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
4
Time Series - Long:
4
Time Series - Short:
4
Expeditionary:
4
Global:
3
Name:
Bruce H. Robison
Title:
Senior Scientist
Organization:
MBARI
Address:
7700 Sandholdt Rd.
City:
Moss Landing
State/Province: CA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
95039
Email:
robr@mbari.org
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Sea Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin, Turtle, Sea Cliff, Pisces,
Mir,
Shinkai 2000, Johnson Sea-Link, WASP, Deep Rover, Deep Worker,
Ventana,
Tiburon, etc.
3. Workshop Questions: 1. Composition, structure, and function
of midwater
communities.
2. Behavior and ecology of midwater animals.
3. The role of midwater communities in organic carbon flux.
4. Region of Interest: open ocean and under-ice regions
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
Manned vehicles with midwater capabilities (e.g. Deep
Rover, J-S-L, Deep
Worker). ROVs with midwater capabilities (e.g. Ventana, Tiburon).
AUVs with
midwater capabilities. Technological development is needed for
small,
light, manned vehicles that do not require massive support systems
and
dedicated support ships. AUV development is needed to provide real-time
communication through pulsed acoustics, and broad-scale midwater
surveys.
6. Abstract:
Most of the animals that live in the ocean are in the water column
and not
on the bottom. Of these, the majority occur in the upper 1-2,000
m.
Midwater research has reached the limits of what can be learned
from
conventional methods based on nets and acoustics alone, and the
field has
stagnated. What is needed is the new kinds of information that
can only be
generated by in situ methods. More fundamental knowledge about
the biology
of the ocean remains to be learned from in situ midwater research
than from
work on the bottom.
In situ research is dominated by benthic studies. The principal
U.S. assets
for in situ research are benthic vehicles, and the granting processes
of
the funding agencies are structured to provide support and access
principally for those vehicles. The historical reasons for this
situation
are: 1) it is easier to work on the bottom, 2) serving the needs
of both
geologists and benthic biologists provides a strong support base
within the
research community, and 3) it has been cost-effective to focus
the limited
funds available on just one or two vehicle systems.
Access to deep submergence assets has been strongly biased to support
benthic research, despite the results and recommendations of studies
that
have called for the increased accessibility, use, and development
of
midwater research technologies and methods (e.g. UNOLS Submersible
Science
Study - 1990, UNOLS Global Abyss Report - 1994, NRC Undersea Vehicles
and
National Needs - 1996). DESSC, UNOLS, and the federal
funding agencies
must address this problem and make it as easy for researchers to
gain
access to suitable midwater-capable research platforms as it is
to access
Alvin or Jason.
The principal limitation on my own research is the lack of access
to a
suitable manned vehicle for midwater research. Were such a system
available, I could address the questions of diel vertical migrations,
the
use of bioluminescence, the spatial patterns of midwater community
structure, and the ecology of taxa not tractable for study with
ROVs (e.g.
fishes).
With regard to what capabilities should be generally available,
the adage
"use the right tool for the job", fits the question. For some applications,
manned vehicles are the best research platforms, for other needs,
AUVs or
ROVs are best. Likewise, it is not efficient to use a vehicle system
rated
to 5,000 m for work at a depth of 500 m, when less expensive, more
efficient alternatives exist. The research community should not
be
constrained because virtually all of our resources are invested
in one
deep-diving, benthic vehicle of each class.
Deep benthic science is a relatively mature enterprise and in the
currency
of major scientific advances, I see the next decade as an area
of
diminishing returns unless we change the status quo. To sustain
the
momentum generated by deep submergence science in the past, we
need to
diversify the vehicles we make available for deep-sea research.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
1
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 5
Margins:
1
Shelf and Coastal: 3
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
1
Time Series - Long: 3
Time Series - Short: 3
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
5
Name:
Peter A. Rona
Title:
Professor
Organization: Institute
of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University
Address:
71 Dudley Road
City:
New Brunswick
State/Province: New Jersey
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
08901-8521
Email:
rona@ahab.rutgers.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin, Mir 1, Mir 2, Nautile, Shinkai
2000, Shinkai 6500, Turtle, Sea Cliff, ATV (U.S. Navy), Jason
3. Workshop Questions: 1) How to effectively use various types of deep
submergence vehicles to study seafloor hydrothermal flow regimes involving
remote acoustic imaging techniques combined with in situ measurements
in
short time series and long time series modes.
2) What is most effective use of deep submergence assets to map geologi
settings and controls of seafloor hydrothermal systems.
3) What is the most effective use of deep submergence assets in long
term
seafloor observatories.
4. Region of Interest: Central North Atlantic, E. and W. Pacific, Indian
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
A mix of submergence systems is anticipated as described
in my abstract.
My interest is in acoustic technology to image hydrothermal flow regimes
and interfacing this technology with submersibles, ROV's and long time
series seafloor monitoring stations.
6. Abstract:
A. What are the current technological limitations on your research,
and
what science could you do if these problems did not exist?
Acoustic Imaging of Seafloor Hydrothermal Flow Regimes: Short- and
Long-term Time Series
Peter A. Rona and Karen G. Bemis (Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences,
Rutgers University), Darrell R. Jackson and Christopher Jones (Applied
Physics Laboratory, University of Washington), and Kyohiko Mitsuzawa
(Deep
Sea Research Department, JAMSTEC)
We are developing innovative new acoustic methods using deep submergence
facilities that have the potential to synoptically image and map buoyant
hydrothermal plumes in 3-D and diffuse flow in 2-D discharging from
seafloor hydrothermal systems (Rona et al., 1991, 1997). Coordinated
with
the acoustic imaging we are developing computer visualization techniques
that are enabling us to make quantitative measurements of parameters
that
describe how these flow regimes discharge from the seafloor, rise in
the
water column, and mix with the surrounding ocean.
Current technological limitations of our research pertain to sonar system,
platform, and duration are, as follows:
1) Sonar system: Our experiments to date have used a sonar system (modified
Mesotech 971) that requires tens of minutes to image a buoyant plume
and
limits data recording to the duration of a submersible dive. The next
step
is to make the transition to a state-of-the art sonar system (Simrad
SM2000) which will reduce imaging time to seconds enabling synoptic
reconstruction of flow regimes and providing the basis for time series
analysis of flow structures (eddies, etc.). At the same time, this
new
sonar system can serve the community for seafloor mapping and related
functions.
2) Platform: To date we have used a submersible as a platform for the
sonar
system. The next step is to adapt the next generation sonar system
(Simrad
SM2000) to an ROV (Jason) for short time series images and versatility.
3) Duration: The next step is to adapt the sonar system to a long term
seafloor monitoring mode (days to 1 year) to obtain long time series
images
of the seafloor hydothermal flow regimes. It is known from the few
sites
studied that focused and diffuse flow exhibit temporal and spatial
variations on a wide range of scales related to geologic events including
dike injection and crustal extension (Fox et al.., 1995; Delaney et
al.,
1998; Embley and Baker, 1999).
In sum, overcoming present technological limitations will enable us
to
record short time series for plume dynamics and mapping of diffuse
flow,
and to record long time series (days-year) for temporal/spatial variations
of individual vents as well as entire seafloor hydrothermal fields.
To
accomplish this requires engineering to adapt the appropriate sonar
systems
to the long-term seafloor monitoring mode, and deployment as part of
seafloor observatories at hydrothermal sites on multiple spreading
segments
of different ridge types. The monitoring of seismicity at spreading
axes
using SOSUS and OBS/OBH arrays is producing new insights to relations
between seismicity, dike injection, spreading events and hydrothermal
activity (Fox et al., 1995; Embley and Baker, 1999). Coordinated acoustic
monitoring of hydrothermal flow regimes will follow these events from
the
ocean crust into the water column and advance understanding of their
physical, chemical and biological impact on the ocean environment.
B. What capabilities should be generally available for submergence science?
Deep submergence science needs the capabilities to carry out event
response, short- and long-term time series, and exploration from
continental margins to the deep ocean. Complementary tools to achieve
these
capabilities that should be generally available to the community comprise
ROV's, AUV's, instrument arrays for deployment as long-term seafloor
observatories, and manned submersibles as the ultimate capability.
The deep
submergence vehicles should be designed for versatility and mobility.
C. Where do you see submersible science going in the next decade?
1) Expansion of the use of ROV's and AUV's for high resolution seafloor
surveys, in situ measurments and sampling. It is important for human
occupied submersibles to hold their own while the number and use of
other
types of deep submergence vehicles increases.
2)Improvements in mobility of the various types of deep submergence
vehicles to support global expeditionary science and in versatility
to
accommodate a wide range of scientific applications.
3) Specialization of deep submergence science to support long term
seafloor
observatories including instrumented drillholes.
References
Delaney, J.R., D.S. Kelley, M.D. Lilley, D.A. Butterfield, J.A. Baross,
W.S.D. Wilcock, R.W. Embley, and M. Summit, The quantum event of oceanic
crustal accretion: impacts of diking at mid-ocean ridges, Science,
281,
222-230, 1998.
Embley, R and E. Baker, Interdisciplinary group explores seafloor eruption
with remotely operated vehicle, EOS, Transactions American Geophysical
Union 80, 213, 1999.
Fox, C.G., W.E. Radford, R.P. Dziak, T.-K. Lau, H. Matsumoto, and A.R.
Schreiner, Acoustic detection of a seafloor spreading episode on the
Juan
de Fuca Ridge using military hydrophone arrays, Geophysical Research
Letters 22, 131-134, 1995.
Rona, P.A., D.R. Palmer, C. Jones, D.A. Chayes, M. Czarnecki, E.W. Carey,
and J.C. Guerrero, Acoustic imaging of hydrothermal plumes, East Pacific
Rise, 21N, 109W, Geophysical Research Letters 18, 2233-2236, 1991.
Rona, P.A., D.R. Jackson, T. Wen, C. Jones, K. Mitsuzawa, K.G. Bemis,
and
J.G. Dworski, Acoustic mapping of diffuse flow at a seafloor hydrothermal
site, Monolith Vent, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Geophysical Research Letters
24,
2351-2354, 1997.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 1
Margins:
3
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
4
Expeditionary:
3
Global:
3
Name:
John D. Rummel
Title:
Dr.
Organization:
NASA Headquarters
Address:
Code S
City:
Washington
State/Province: DC
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
20546
Email:
jrummel@hq.nasa.gov
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Astrobiology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
3. Workshop Questions: What are the relationships between planetary
processes and
the nature and distribution of life on a planet.
4. Region of Interest: Various (Earth, Mars, Europa)
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
Autonomous underwater vehicles
Remotely operated vehicles (and combinations)
Human-rated submersibles
Deep-Sea Observatories
6. Abstract:
a) I am interested in the development of increasingly capable
instrumentation for physical, chemical, and biological components of
deep-sea ecosystems. Eventually, NASA would like to have such
sensors
available for the exploration of oceans on other bodies, but the same
parameters (lower mass, power, and volume) that drive space instrument
development are important for use in undersea systems, especially AUV's.
Combined with better sampling technologies for deep-sea microorganisms,
such instrumentation could provide the basis for improved in-situ
measurements of biological function, as well as improving our capabilities
in simulating deep-sea environments in the laboratory.
b) I believe that it is in the interests of the community to be
able to
conduct measurements, manipulations, and sample retrievals in the deep
sea
environments wherever they occur on Earth. Some combination of
ship-supported (or submarine-supported) and autonomous robotic capabilities
should allow access to all environments in the sea, building from the
current capability and extending downward (and out!). We should
do a
better job of assuring repeated access to long-term study sites by
the
emplacement of deep-sea observatories for routine monitoring (but building
to routine robotic access), while ensuring that assets are available
to
continue the exploration of deep-sea environments worldwide.
c) I would like to see better sensors, more regular monitoring
of
long-term study sites via robotic technologies, and no relaxation from
the
exploration of the deep places of the Earth by oceanographers, wherever
they may be found.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
3
Margins:
3
Shelf and Coastal:
3
Polar:
5
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
4
Time Series - Long:
3
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
5
Name:
William B. F. Ryan
Title:
Senior Scientist
Organization:
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Address:
Route 9W
City:
Palisades
State/Province:
NY
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
10964
Email:
billr@ldeo.columbia.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geophysics
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
NR1
ABE
SeaMARC
Deep-Tow
3. Workshop Questions: The role and
need of national facilities versus
institutional facilities
4. Region of Interest: Atlantic, Mediterranean,
Pacific
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
High resolution mapping
and imaging and digital photographic with
manned, tethered and autonomous inmstruments
and a capability for
spatially dense sampling in steep
rock and sedimentary environments.
6. Abstract:
I have been both an instrument developer
and an instrument user. In my
opinion the goals of my scientific
inquiry drive the development and use
of new tools, and that one doesn't
create technolgy to look for problems
to solve. It is realistic that some
facilities have short lifetimes
where one or just a few deployements
solves the problem or gets the
needed measurements and other tools
with more utilitarian and general use
capabilities have long lifetimes.
With the latter type of instrument or
system, that is often a national facility,
what is needed is an
engineering and operational team that
can adapt to user needs by either
installing/integrating the users specific
tolls or by designing and
building the tools for the user based
on a mission requirement.
Capabilities that should be generally
available for submergence science
are winches with appropriate wires
for towing and telementry, a manned
submersible for delicate maneuvering
and manipulation of tools, packages,
samples, navigation that lets more
that one vehicle operate at a time in
an area larger than a typical long
baseline net, and instruments to map
and image relief with resoiltions
of a meter or better.
Submergence science should go where
the intellectual problems drive it.
No more, no less. We need ascess soon
to accretionary prisms, fracture
zones and ridge/transforem intersections
and hositle localities such as
brine seeps and anoxic basins. I see
moving multibeam sonar technology
from surface ship hull-mounted configuartions
to towed and autonomous
vehicles.
As a member of DESSC my assignment
at DESCEND is to help Dana Yoerger
chair the session on Day 2 titled:
"Manned and Unmanned Vehicles:
Mapping" and help to write the report
for this session. I see myself as
needed more for listening than to
give my own input.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
1
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
1
Time Series - Long:
1
Time Series - Short:
1
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
1
Name:
Frank Sansone
Title:
Professor
Organization:
Oceanography Dept., Univ. of Hawaii
Address:
1000 Pope Road
City:
Honolulu
State/Province: HI
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
96822
Email:
sansone@soest.hawaii.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Ocean Chemistry
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ALVIN
Pisces V
Seacliff
ATV
3. Workshop Questions: What NEW scientific questions will require
submergence platforms over the next decade? Are any of these
outside the
range of the current user group?
How do our present platforms need to be improved to handle these
new areas
of research? What would be the most cost effective improvements?
4. Region of Interest: Pacific
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
I will have need for submersibles, and also ROVs if
they have greater
payload, dexterity, and high-band communications than commonly
available
now.
My technology development interests are in chemical sensors for
seafloor
research and fine-scale sampling tools for mid-water work.
6. Abstract:
Current Limitations
One significant improvement of the present situation would be the
development of some degree of interchangability for tools and samplers
used
on the wide variety of available manned and unmanned vehicles.
Presently,
equipment generally needs to be developed for a specific vehicle,
thereby
limiting flexibility in choosing vehicles for a field operation.
This is a
major limitation in designing sensor systems (one of my research
interests).
Interchangability is an issue at a variety of levels: size/weight,
electrical/hydraulic power requirements and connectors, data communication
interfaces and connectors, need for certain kinds of manipulators,
etc.
Some degree of standardization of designs (or establishment of
minimum
design specifications) for future vehicles, or for vehicles undergoing
refits, would be a major step forward. As a first step, perhaps
the
workshop could recommend a priority for standardization (e.g.,
standard
data interfaces and electrical/hydraulic hookup would be relatively
easy to
address). One obvious (insurmountable?) problem, however,
is convincing
the disparate vehicle operators that this kind of standardization
is in
their best interest. Encouragement from this workshop, however,
would be a
good first step.
Where is Submergence Science Going?
Clearly there will be a continuing need for "more of the same"(e.g.,
research on hydrothermal vents/plume, submarine seeps, benthic
communities,
submarine geology/geophysics), and proposal pressure for these
types of
research will undoubtedly continue or increase.
However, there are other applications for submergence platforms
that will
likely develop over the next decade if the proper tools are available.
For
example, there is an increasing interest in the oceanographic
community on
fine-scale water-column work in deep water (e.g., the role of particle
layers and marine snow in controlling vertical fluxes of carbon
and
nitrogen). Samplers lowered via winches from surface ships
are largely
useless for these studies because of heave and surface waves; the
only
practical approach is via submersibles and ROVs. Unfortunately,
submersibles must be rated for the full water depth at the site,
making
them a very expensive way to sample chemical/biological fine-scale
phenomena occurring at depths of less than 500m. ROVs with
greater
payload, dexterity, and high-band communications than commonly
available
now could be much more cost effective means of doing this work.
Our
presently funded work on this type of research would be much more
effective
if we access to such devices.
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 5
Margins:
2
Shelf and Coastal: 4
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
4
Time Series - Long: 3
Time Series - Short: 4
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
2
Name:
Daniel Scheirer
Title:
Dr.
Organization:
Brown University
Address:
Dept. of Geological Sciences, Box 1846
City:
Providence
State/Province:
RI
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
02912
Email:
scheirer@emma.geo.brown.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geophysics
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: DSL120,
ARGOII, Jason, Alvin
3. Workshop Questions:
4. Region of Interest: Pacific and
Indian Oceans
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
unmanned vehicles with
sonar, potential field, and visual
imaging sensors
6. Abstract:
a) Technological limits?
Demand for deep submergence tools in
the UNOLS fleet exceeds supply,
with a result that proposed programs
compete with each other, at times, on
logistic rather than scientific grounds.
This often boils down to
competition between, say, repeated
visits to some sites ("time-series"
mode)
vs. visits to new and sometimes remote
sites ("expeditionary" mode),
with scientific objectives that are
perceived to be lower-risk vs.
higher-risk,
respectively. While this limit
is not purely technological nor is
it unique to the allocation of deep
submergence assets (by any means),
I believe that investigations in the
next decade of both the temporal and
spatial variations of deep ocean phenomena
will benefit enormously with
the availability of more assets which
are compatible with more ship
platforms.
Of a more directly technical-limitation
nature, I view the maximum
track-length
capabilities of existing systems (in
field programs of reasonable
durations)
as a limitation to studying the seafloor
morphology of interesting-sized
features (with potentially large depth
extent) such as large seamounts and
entire mid-ocean ridge spreading segments.
Perhaps
AUV's are the answer to this large-study-area
limitation; I don't think
you can do it with a deep human presence,
nor with a tether connection.
b) What capabilities should be generally available?
It is essential that deep submergence
tools incorporate the technological
advances that will be made in the
upcoming decade -- enhanced power, data
rates,
imaging (quantity and quality), and
reliability. A spectrum of
oceanographic
tools should be used on all programs
on a routine basis; we visit the
benthos infrequently enough and in
few places, so maximizing the data
(and sample) return is important.
If AUV's are the next wave, enhancing
real-time communication and
real-time data transmission will greatly
benefit their scientific return.
c) Where do you see submergence science going?
These are "hopes": I hope it expands
into less traditional study areas,
such as mid-ocean ridges away from
the half-dozen or so well-studied ones,
mid-plate volcanoes, and subduction
zones. Many of these areas will
require deeper-capability assets.
I think that seismic monitoring of
plate boundaries (esp. divergent and
convergent) will improve and
expand in coverage, but that the compelling
nature of their follow-up
with deep submergence studies will
wane towards the end of the upcoming
decade. Finally, I think that
it will be essential to present and
justify our studies to a broader audience
than the deep submergence
community; substantial (and successful)
efforts to-date will be
continued, mimicked, and expanded.
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
2
Margins:
4
Shelf and Coastal:
4
Polar:
4
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
4
Time Series - Long:
4
Time Series - Short:
4
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
4
Name:
Daniel S. Schwartz
Title:
Manager of Marine Operations
Organization:
University of Washington
Address:
School of Oceanography, box 357940
City:
Seattle
State/Province:
Washington
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
98195-7940
Email:
schwartz@ocean.washington.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Submergence
Vehicle Operator
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Johnson
Sea-Link, Clelia, JASON, ROPOS
3. Workshop Questions: What is the
impact of emerging ocean observations
systems and observatories on the need
for deep submergence vehicles?
What are the implications for operators
of support and oceanographic
vessels to serve the needs of Investigators
utilizing both conventional
deep submergence assets and future
tools such as AUVs?
4. Region of Interest: worldwide
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Manned submersibles.
AUVs.
ROVs.
Large, tethered submersible drilling
systems (e.g. PROD).
6. Abstract:
Submergence science is entering an
era that will see increased demand for
vehicle assets, requirements for intensive
data throughput, and
substantial commitment of time to
labor-intensive undersea research and
observing projects. It is perhaps
that last point that should concern
our community with respect to the
quantity of submergence vehicles
available and, perhaps more important,
their geographical distribution in
response to science demand.
Ocean observation systems, fiber-optic
undersea instrumentation networks,
plate-scale to basin-scale operational
installations (such as NEPTUNE), and
long time-series data acquisition
are impossible to conceptualize with
the asset inventory and distribution
available today. Responsiveness
to these emerging requirements, while
continuing to meet the needs of Investigators
pursuing high-quality
science outside of these major programs,
will continue to be our defining
challenge--rather than technology
per se--as the submergence science
community (including those who provide
essential services to this
community) moves into the 21st Century.
---Daniel S. Schwartz
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
3
Margins:
3
Shelf and Coastal:
5
Polar:
4
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
5
Name:
Timothy M. Shank
Title:
Postdoctoral Scientist
Organization:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Address:
Biology Department, MS34
City:
Woods Hole
State/Province:
MA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
02543
Email:
tshank@whoi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Hydrothermal
Vent Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin,
Jason, ARGO-II, DSL120
3. Workshop Questions:
4. Region of Interest:
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
6. Abstract:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
Margins:
Shelf and Coastal:
Polar:
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
Time Series - Long:
Time Series - Short:
Expeditionary:
Global:
Name:
Andrew Shepard
Title:
Associate Director
Organization:
National Undersea Research Center at UNCW
Address:
7205 Wrightsville Ave.
City:
Wilmington
State/Province:
NC
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
28409
Email:
sheparda@uncwil.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Sea Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: We have contracted for Alvin and Jason
use
3. Workshop Questions: continental slope work including geochemical
and
ecological studies of a depocenter off Cape Hatteras NC and hydrocarbon
seeps in Gulf of Mexico
4. Region of Interest: Southeast US
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
use of Jason off vessels of opportunity
6. Abstract:
a) What are the current technological limitations on your research,
and
what science could you do if these problems did not exist?
We are very limited in the availability of funding and systems capable
of
doing science below 1,000 meters. Specific areas of interest to our
funded
scientists include slope depocenters, submarine canyons, and vents
and
seeps. The biggest challenge is getting to these sites. We have many
tools
developed during shallower studies that can be applied to deeper
communities. For example, a slope depocenter off Cape Hatteras has
been
studied down to 1000 meters, the depth limit of the available submersibles.
From ship samples, we know that the majority of carbon is ending up
further
downslope. Modelling of the rate and magnitude of carbon (and other
materials) flux requires understanding of this end point. In the Gulf
of
Mexico, we have supported submersible programs that defined hydrocarbon
seep communities. Again, these investigations and discoveries are
artificially cut off at 1000 meters. Evidence from seismic records
suggest
that seepage and associated communities may be more prevalent below
this
depth.
b) What capabilities should be generally available for submergence science?
The scientists we support need to work for hours on a specific location
doing a variety of complicated tasks. To date, we have had most success
with manned submersibles. Whereas ROVs can work from most vessels of
opportunity on the shelf, deeper ROVs require a support ship with dynamic
positioning. These are complicated, costly operations. Alvin is the
only
sub now available for deep work in our region, and then only when it
heads
home for refurbishment.
Our scientists require high-quality video (digital, minimum of 500 lines
of
resolution), and a variety of in situ samplers. Between cores, grabs
and
specimens, payloads often exceed 50 kg. The vehicle must have the
sub-systems to support these capabilities (e.g., power, hydraulics).
The
success of manned submersibles lies in their lack of a tether, optimal
payload, and sampling capabilities.
c) Where do you see submergence science going in the next decade?
Robots without tethers (AUVs) for visual and instrumented surveys.
Lighter, deeper manned submersibles for site-specific sampling and
experimentation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
2
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 1
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
5
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long:
3
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
1
Name:
Craig R. Smith
Title:
Professor
Organization:
University of Hawaii
Address:
Department of Oceanography, 1000 Pope Road
City:
Honolulu
State/Province: HI
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
96822
Email:
csmith@soest.hawaii.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Sea Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ALVIN
SEA CLIFF
TURTLE
ATV
SCORPIO
EPAULARD
PISCES V
3. Workshop Questions: Manipulative experimentation to evaluate
processes
of faunal succession, deposit feeding, species interactions and
maintenance
of biodiversity in the deep sea
Manipulative experiments to evaluate sediment geochemical processes
at the
deep seafloor
Experimental studies of anthropogenic impacts (e.g., nodule mining,
sludge
disposal, etc.) in the deep sea
4. Region of Interest: North Pacific, Antarctica
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
Manned submersibles able to work to depths of 6000
m
ROVs with high payloads (at least 250 kg in water), precision manipulators,
and depth capabilities to at least 6500 m.
6. Abstract:
Current technological limitations on my research:
Current technological limitations on my research fall into four
main
categories.
1) Depth capabilities: Much of the deep-sea floor of scientific
interest
falls below ALVIN's 4500-m depth rating. In particular, I
am presently
planning a study with the International Seabed Authority to experimentally
evaluate disturbance and successional processes resulting from
manganese
nodule mining at depths of about 5000. Such a study could
be effectively
conducted with a manned submersible with a high payload (250 kg)
and a
depth capability of 6000 m. No suitable submersible exists
in the U.S. for
such a study. The ability to directly observe and manipulate
at depths
below 4500 m would substantially benefit our understanding of deep-sea
processes.
2) Imaging quality: Although very high-quality video imaging
systems exist
for deep-sea application, the best imaging systems are not routinely
available on the UNOLS workhorse, ALVIN. My research would
substantially
benefit from higher resolution video in general, and a high resolution
macro system in particular, being routinely available (at no major
additional cost) on ALVIN.
3) Payloads for ROVS: The type of vehicle of choice for many/most
manipulative studies in the deep sea (once the site has been directly
observed via submersible) is an ROV because of longer bottom times
and
lower costs. I am unaware of any ROV available with the high
payload (250
kg or greater) and precise manipulative capabilities desirable
for
extensive experimentation (biological or geochemical) at the deep-sea
floor. The technology exists, but has not generally been
made available
(an historical exception is SIO's RUM used in the 70's).
ATV is perhaps
the best ROV for deep-sea experiments, but its payload and work
area
(basket) are still very limited.
4) Ergonomics and Endurance: I think few of us would argue
that ALVIN is
comfortable; in fact, pain tolerance (by both scientists and pilots)
may
play a significant role in the success of manned submersible dives.
It is
high time that state-of-the-art ergonomic priniciples were applied
to
manned submersibles to improve work efficiency. It would
also be very
useful to apply the latest battery, life-support and elctronics
technology
to increase submersible endurance (i.e., length of individual dives).
Especially in deeper waters, science is often limited by bottom
time.
(Increasing bottom time may not be highly desirable without ergonomic
improvements, however).
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
3
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 4
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal: 4
Polar:
4
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long: 5
Time Series - Short: 5
Expeditionary:
3
Global:
2
Name:
Deborah K. Smith
Title:
Associate Scientist
Organization:
WHOI
Address:
Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, MS 22
City:
Woods Hole
State/Province: MA
Country:
ZIP Code:
02543
Email:
dsmith@whoi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: DSL 120 system
ARGO II system
British TOBI system
3. Workshop Questions: Most of the questions that I am currently focused
on
have to do with understanding submarine volcanology. Is it possible
to
define the extent of a submarine eruption using ROVs? This would require
sampling, magnetics, imagery, etc. Can we follow eruptions back
to their
source vents? Can we determine how important lava tubes are in
transporting lavas several kilometers from the primary site of eruption.
4. Region of Interest: I am interested in submarine volcanic rift systems
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
Autonomous (?) systems that can carefully map out sections
of the
seafloor in great detail. Vehicles that can go into submarine
craters that
have vertical walls and overhangs. Vehicles that can go into tube systems
(for short distances) to map their sides. Far down the road:
systems that
can provide basic information on the geochemistry of the rocks while
on the
bottom.
6. Abstract:
Data collected at various scales of observation are critically important
for interpreting the morphology of a volcanic rift zone. In many
cases in
the oceans we only have the morphology as viewed from the ship (Sea
Beam
system), and the morphology as viewed from the submarine to work with.
It
is hard to merge disparate data sets such as these. On land, we use
many
pieces of information at many different spatial scales to interpret
the
processes occurring at volcanic rift zones there. These include
satellite
imagery, photographs from low-flying airplanes and helicopters, and
readings, mapping and sampling obtained on foot. We need all of these
scales of information from the submarine environment as well.
Volcanic rift zones are often characterized by rough terrain which is
technologically challenging to map and sample. How can we improve
our
submergence capabilities in such terrain? Towing an instrument
such as the
DSL-120 kHz 100 m off of the seafloor where the topography on short
spatial
scales is going up and down by as much as 300 m is extremely difficult.
It
is hard to interpret the data when we don’t even know the
towing
characteristics of the instruments. In addition, I have found in my
own
data from the Puna Ridge, HI that navigation from 2 different instruments
towed within the same transponder net is off in places by up to 200
m or
so. The community needs to recognize that scientists will be
taking the
submergence vehicles to more and more challenging environments and
needs to
respond to this.
Submergence science in the future in my mind will be moving towards
autonomous vehicles. I also think that several capabilities should
be
merged into one system such as mapping, sampling, and in situ rock
analyses, for example.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
3
Margins:
2
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
2
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
3
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
4
Global:
5
Name:
Fred Spiess
Title:
Prof. of Oceanography
Organization:
SIO MPL UCSD 0205
Address:
9500 Gilman Drive
City:
La Jolla
State/Province: CA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
92093
Email:
fns@mpl.ucsd.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geophysics
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Aluminaut, Alvin, MPL Deep Tow, MPL
Control Vehicle, ATV
3. Workshop Questions: See RIDGE, SEIZE, Multidisciplinary Observatories
on
the Deep Sea Floor, Ocean Seismic Network and other workshop reports
to
which I have contributed. Concerned broadly with science and tecnology
requiring long term sets of observations or experiments, or detailed
descriptins of seafloor characteristics.
4. Region of Interest: Deep Sea Floor
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
Unmanned, cable connected systems for making detailed
observations of
the seafloor and for precise placement of heavy objects and conduct
of
other tasks related to installation, meaintenance and recovery of deep
sea
systems.
6. Abstract:
a) What are the current technological limitations on your research,
and
what science could you do if these problems did not exist?
My current research interest is in seafloor geodesy. At present the
field
is limited by lack of capability to place measuring devices (precision
transponders, absolute gravity meters, precise depth sensors) repeatedly
on
reference points (benchmarks) without disturbing the reference points
at
the millimeter level. The result is that, specifically in the use of
precision transponders, the expensive transponders must be left on
station
as the primary reference marks, rather than being moved from one site
to
another as the complex system elements are in terrestrial geodesy.
I see the work of others constrained by lack of capability to install,
maintain, repair and recover system elements at the sea floor.
b) What capabilities should be generally available for submergence science?
The community needs a variety of unmanned work and survey vehicles.
These
should be available in ways that are flexible to schedule and economical
to
operate. There should be recognition that there can be many vehicles,
since
the penalty for not having a particular one in operation on a full
year
basis is small. A variety of institutions should be operating these
vehicles in order that the development of new capabilities can be closely
related to, and driven by specific science needs.
c) Where do you see submergence science going in the next decade?
Recognition of what we can learn on the sea floor will continue to expand.
Multipurpose observatories will continue to be pursued, and should
be
implemented in collaboration with other investigators concerned with
the
sea surface and the regions in the air above and the upper reaches
of the
water column. Proposed observatories (and less grand ones that already
exist) will open up questions that we cannot anticipate and that will
require new kinds of investigations in special or widely ranging sites
remote from the "OBSERVATORY".
Use of manned vehicles will decline substantially if there is access
to a
capable stable of unmanned vehicles. The present situation is that
manned
vehicles in the deep sea do not put the scientist any closer to the
job
than unmanned vehicles with fiber optic cable technology. When one
is near
the bottom in a manned vehicle one has a better view of what is going
on
through the vehicle's TV than through the observation ports and a remotely
operated manipulator system must be used to do the work. This is different
from the situation in space exploration, where the scientist or technician
can actua;ly carry out the work as one would on the ground. In many
instances Alvin is used for seafloor work that could be done by other
vehicles because it does not cost the PI anything in his or her proposal.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 5
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
2
Polar:
2
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
4
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
4
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
4
Name:
Gary Taghon
Title:
Organization:
Rutgers University
Address:
IMCS 71 Dudley Rd
City:
New Brunswick
State/Province:
NJ
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
08901-8521
Phone Number:
732-932-6555x547
Email:
taghon@imcs.rutgers.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise:
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin,
Sea Cliff, Delta
3. Workshop Questions:
4. Region of Interest:
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
6. Abstract:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
Margins:
Shelf and Coastal:
5
Polar:
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
3
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
1
Global:
2
Name:
Shozo Tashiro
Title:
Japanese Deep Submersibles Pilot
Organization:
JApan Marine Science and Technology Center
Address:
2-15 Natsushima-cho
City:
Yokosuka
State/Province: Kanagawa-prefecture
Country:
JAPAN
ZIP Code:
237-0061
Email:
tashiros@jamstec.go.jp
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Submergence Vehicle Operator
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: SHINKAI2000
SHINKAI6500
DOLPHIN-3K (Observation only)
KAIKO (Observation only)
ALVIN (Observation only)
3. Workshop Questions: all
4. Region of Interest: Spreaded area,Subduction zone and
Polar region
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
DSRV,ROV,AUV
6. Abstract:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 3
Margins:
1
Shelf and Coastal: 2
Polar:
4
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
3
Time Series - Long: 2
Time Series - Short: 1
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
4
Name:
Brian Taylor
Title:
Dr.
Organization:
SOEST
Address:
2525 Correa Rd
City:
Honolulu
State/Province:
HI
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
96822
Email:
taylor@soest.hawaii.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geophysics
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin,
Shinkai 6500
Nautille (next year)
3. Workshop Questions: 4 MARGINS Initiatives
- Seismogenic Zone
- Subduction Factory
- Rupturing Continents
- Sedimentary Processes
4. Region of Interest: Global
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
All - subs, ROVs, AUVs,
observatories
6. Abstract:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
4
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
2
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
3
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
3
Time Series - Long:
4
Time Series - Short:
1
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
2
Name:
Maurice A. Tivey
Title:
Dr.
Organization:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Address:
360 Woods Hole Road
City:
Woods Hole
State/Province: MA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
02543-1542
Email:
mtivey@whoi.edu
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1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geophysics
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ALVIN,NAUTILE,SHINKAI6500
JASON,ROPOS
DSL120,ARGO
ABE(AUV)
Various deeptow systems including magnetics and seismic.
3. Workshop Questions: 1) To understand the formation of ocean crust
and
its subsequent evolution through time. This includes not only
the volcanic
layer but also the lower intrusive crust such as the dikes and gabbros.
Need magnetic vectors by obtaining oriented rock samples or cores.
2) Better resolution of the history of earths magnetic field behavior
such
as the Jurassic aged crust of the proto-Pacific. Better measurements
in
deep ocean require near-bottom sensors. While deeptow is possible
it is a
painfully slow method of surveying. AUV technology could speed up this
possibly even have multiple concurrent AUV deployment and surveying
for
"swath mapping".
3)
4. Region of Interest: Deep ocean (pacific,atlantic,indian,arctic,antarct
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
1) Broadening usage and availability of autonomous underwater
vehicle
(AUV) technology for seafloor mapping and high resolution measurements
of
seafloor and ocean column properties.
2) Getting oriented rocks and core samples from the seafloor
(Probably requires ROV platforms stabilized for drilling outcrops).
6. Abstract:
Technology has often led to new insight into science and
the marine
geosciences have been no different in this regard. The invention
of
acoustic sonars and the sea surface magnetometer following World War
II led
to the validation of a little known theory of plate tectonics.
In the
early '80s the proliferation of bathymetric swath mapping systems and
GPS
satellite navigation allowed for exploration of the midocean ridge
system
on a global scale. In the '90s, deep submersibles and remotely-operated
vehicles (ROVs) have become a mainstay of subsea sampling and mapping
at
mid-ocean ridges. At the same time, deep-towed systems for near-bottom
seafloor mapping have also become more common place, providing a more
detailed picture of the seafloor for in situ sampling and exploration.
However , the effort involved in carrying out these deep-towed surveys
requires large personnel teams, specialized ships and cables, clement
weather and a survey program designed around the capabilities of the
tow
wire and the ship's towing characteristics rather than the seafloor
geology.
Eliminating the tow cable represents a leap in technology
from surface
dependent sensors to smart robots i.e. autonomous underwater vehicles
or
AUVs, that can function independently on the seafloor. AUVs represent
the
next wave in technology which promises to revolutionize the way science
is
done in the ocean. These relatively inexpensive systems can operate
from
any ship of choice and do not require sophisticated ship dynamic
positioning systems or cable winch systems. They can be deployed
for short
periods in site survey mode or for an extended period in monitoring
mode.
AUVs could also be rapidly deployed in response to events such as seafloor
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes or catastrophic hydrothermal venting.
The
tetherless AUV means that surface sea state conditions and ship operations
are no longer the prime logistical considerations. At present
only a few
AUVs are available to the scientific community and then only in a
developmental mode. While there are development issues still
outstanding
such as battery power and navigation, the basic operational mode are
now
well known and vehicles currently exist that offer stable platforms
for
scientific use. The deep submergence assets of the UNOLS system
should
seriously look at the implementation of an AUV building program.
This is
certainly where the technology will have the biggest impact on science.
On another issue, I think it is also time for deep submergence
vehicles
to get serious about making properly oriented sample collection on
the
seafloor. Only though the careful orientation of rock samples
on land can
we determine the tectonic history and interrelationships of adjacent
rock
units. This has not been done on the seafloor except very recently
with
remotely operated wireline drilling on Atlantis Bank in the Indian
Ocean.
These small drill rigs however are limited to very level terrain and
only
ROV vehicles have the innate capability of being able to drill outcrops
on
a rugged seafloor.
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 4
Margins:
1
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
1
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
3
Name:
Robert F. Tusting
Title:
Sr. Systems Engineer
Organization:
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution
Address:
5600 U.S. 1, North
City:
Ft. Pierce
State/Province: FL
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
34946
Email:
keen@hboi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Ocean Engineering
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: JSL I & II, CLELIA, ALVIN, VENTANA,
TIBURON
3. Workshop Questions: Can the sampling and collecting tools being
developed at HBOI be employed in future deep-ocean research?
4. Region of Interest: Worldwide
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
Biological & Geochemical Sampling, Quantitative Imaging
6. Abstract:
Over the past 20 years, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution has
developed a number of specialized scientific sampling, imaging and
measurement systems. Many of these have been designed and built
or adapted
for use on other deep-submergence vehicles such as ALVIN and the MBARI
ROV's.
Both the Marine Operations and Ocean Engineering Divisions at Harbor
Branch
Oceanographic Institution have a long-term interest in further development
of tools for submergence science. Attendance at this workshop
will help us
to anticipate future needs of the research community and will allow
us to
focus our development efforts.
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
2
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 2
Margins:
2
Shelf and Coastal:
5
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
4
Time Series - Long:
2
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
2
Name:
Cindy Lee Van Dover
Title:
Assistant Professor
Organization: College
of William & Mary
Address:
328 Millington Hall
City:
Williamsburg
State/Province: VA
Country:
US
ZIP Code:
23187
Email:
cindy_vandover@wm.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Hydrothermal Vent Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
Sea Cliff
Mir
Delta
Jason
ATV
DSL 120
ARGO
3. Workshop Questions: biogeography, astrobiology, ecology
4. Region of Interest: global
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
manned, rovs, auvs, observatories
6. Abstract:
Current Limitations:
Frequency of sampling and of deploying/recovering instruments.
Ability to access remote sites with suite of deep submergence assets.
Capabilities available for deep submergence science:
24-h rov ops at 6500 m or less with full suite of capabilities (mapping
at
multiple scales, including imagery, sampling, instrument deployment
and
recovery)
manned ops at 4500 m or less with full suite of capabilities
Future:
maintenance of current level of expeditionary and short time-scale
observations and expansion of observatory capabilities. Both
approaches
are complementary.
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 1
Margins:
4
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
3
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
2
Name:
Karen L. Von Damm
Title:
Professor
Organization: University
of New Hampshire
Address:
Dept. of Earth Sciences, James Hall
City:
Durham
State/Province: NH
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
03824-3589
Email: kvd@cisunix.unh.edu
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 2
Margins:
4
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
4
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
4
Time Series - Short:
4
Expeditionary:
4
Global:
4
Email:
bwalden@whoi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Submergence
Vehicle Operator
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ALVIN
Argo
Jason
DSL120
ABE
3. Workshop Questions:
4. Region of Interest: World wide
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
6. Abstract:
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
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The Abyss/Open Ocean:
Margins:
Shelf and Coastal:
Polar:
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
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Time Series - Short:
Expeditionary:
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Phone Number:
831-633-7033
Email:
wheat@mbari.org
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Geochemistry
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin,
Turtle, Sea Cliff, Pices V, Delta,
ATV, Ventana, ROPOS, and Jason
3. Workshop Questions: What are the
driving forces and effects of seawater
circulation through the oceanic crust?
This question includes both
hydrothermal circulation driven by
the intrusion of basaltic magma (Ridges
and Hot Spots) and lithospheric cooling
(Flanks) and the egress of fluids
from seeps that are caused by compressional
forces (Subduction Zones) and
gradients in hydraulic head (Groundwater).
4. Region of Interest: Pacific Ocean
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
ROVs, Submersibles, and
AUVs. I am mostly interested in developing the
technology that makes AUVs more accessible
to scientists, by developing
simpler and more robust operational
interfaces and a variety of instrument
packages that can be tailored for
each scientific mission.
6. Abstract:
The US deep submergence community
needs to develop additional capabilities.
Given the scheduling problems in the
past few years for deep submergence
vehicles, the periodic refitting that
is required of these vehicles, and
the possibility of extensive global
benthic observing platforms, at least
one additional deep submergence vehicle
is needed. This vehicle should be
a workhorse ROV capable of being deployed
to 6000 m and be a
hydraulic-based vehicle either with
(e.g ROPOS) or without (e.g., ATV and
Tiberon) a cage-tether handling system.
No technologic advances are
required for operating such a vehicle.
At present AUVs have yet to make
the significant contribution to ocean
sciences given the potential
capabilities of these vehicles.
The technology involved in operating these
vehicles must be transfer to the scientific
community. In addition the
scope of instrument packages that
these vehicles can accommodate must be
expanded for broad-based usage.
Given the growing interest of scientists,
business enterprises, and the general
population in the deep sea, the next
decade should see expanded requirements
and needs for deep submergence
vehicles.
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
1
Margins:
4
Shelf and Coastal:
2
Polar:
4
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
4
Time Series - Short:
4
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
4
Email:
dawn@dusk.geo.orst.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
Argo I and II
ABE
3. Workshop Questions: - Pros and cons of ROVs vs. submersibles
- Data mgmt./archiving needs of the deep submergence community
4. Region of Interest: SEPR, NEPR, JdFR, Tonga/Lau Basin
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
ROVs, possibly AUVs
navigation systems
geographic information systems
6. Abstract:
a) limitations in ability to rapidly collect seafloor observations
in
real-time (e.g., post-dive transcribing of tapes a major
challenge);
data archiving and compilation strategies to improve flow
and
usefulness of observations (to be discussed in my presentation)
b) high quality video, electronic still camera, 35 mm, and navigation,
all in real-time; fluid, sediment, rock, biological sampling
at precise locations and readily relayed safely to the
surface;
CTD, MAPR-type measurements profiled in real-time.
c) seems as though ROVs and AUVs may take over from submersibles
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
1
Margins:
4
Shelf and Coastal:
3
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
4
Time Series - Long:
2
Time Series - Short:
2
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
2
Name:
A. Aristides Yayanos
Title:
Professor
Organization:
Scripps Institution of Oceanography-UCSD
Address:
9500 Gilman Drive; Department 0202
City:
La Jolla
State/Province: CA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
92093-0202
Email:
ayayanos@ucsd.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Sea Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Only free vehicles, sigh!
3. Workshop Questions: The variety of life in the sea has changed
over
geological time and in our time. How can we characterize these
changes and
place them in relation to changes in the physical, chemical, and
terrestrial biological environment?
4. Region of Interest: Abyssal and hadal seas
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
FIA instruments.
Drifters instrumented for microbiology.
Low level light detection instruments.
Autonomous vehicles/robots for retrieving live deep-sea animals.
In situ macrophotography and microscopes.
Microscale instruments; instruments on a chip.
6. Abstract:
a)
Maybe the greatest limitation in deep-sea biology is the near inability
to
find out the natural history of deep-sea organisms. In terrestrial
settings, such information is obtained by direct observation and
by
following organisms as they move about and migrate.
Another limitation is the difficulty of determining the distribution
and
activity of microorganisms along sections and volumes of the ocean
and in
conjunction with detailed hydrographic data.
Finally, the ability to work with organisms at high pressure is
still
cumbersome and expensive.
b)
The remarkable developments in the design of unmanned submersibles
have not
changed the need for manned submersibles. There still are observations
and
experiments to be done that are impossible without manned submersibles.
c)
(1) I imagine there will be an increased use of cameras, acoustics,
FIA
instruments, drifters with biological sensors, ROVs, and autonomous
vehicles. The data will be increasingly acquired remotely with
real-time
transmission to the laboratory.
(2) There will be an increased use of `intelligent robots`.
(3) There will be a huge impact of DNA chip technology both in
the
laboratory and in situ. There will be a drive to archive
the DNA and mRNA
of deep-sea organisms. The ability to sequence nucleic acids will
be
extraordinarily simple with new technology. This will open the
deep-sea to
bioinformatics scientists.
(4)And, I hope, there will be an increasing recognition that a
set of key
deep-sea environments needs to be identified and studied for a
time frame
extending at least 100 years. Future scientists will think
unkindly of us
for not having already started such studies.
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
4
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
5
Margins:
2
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long: 5
Time Series - Short: 1
Expeditionary:
4
Global:
3
Email:
dyoerger@whoi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise:
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used:
3. Workshop Questions:
4. Region of Interest:
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
6. Abstract:
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
Margins:
Shelf and Coastal:
Polar:
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
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Time Series - Short:
Expeditionary:
Global:
Email:
youngc@hboi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Sea Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Johnson
Sea Link I, II
Alvin
Pisces IV, V
Sea Cliff
Nekton Gamma
Perry Submersibles
Hi-Sub ROV
Ventana ROV
3. Workshop Questions:
4. Region of Interest: Altantic, Pacific,
Indian Ocean
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Improved collecting systems
for deep-diving submersibles; ability to
collect and maintain discrete, multiple
samples in cold (and perhaps
pressurized) seawater during ascent.
6. Abstract:
Most deep
submergence vehicles have virtually no ability to collect
multiple discrete biological samples
and keep them healthy and separate
during ascent and recovery.
This problem has been solved reasonably well
on shallow-water vehicles (notably
the JSL's) by the use of indexed
carousels of specimen buckets coupled
with suction collectors. The ability
to collect discrete, identifiable
samples would greatly enhance exploration
and description of communities on
small spatial scales, permit collections
of healthier animals for on-board
experimentation, and encourage the use of
deployments, outplants, transplants,
and other experimental techniques that
give greater insights into biological
processes. Good suction samplers
also permit multiple replicate collections
of early life-history stages
that often reside in the interstices
of complex communities.
In recent
years, work at hydrothermal vents has overshadowed research
on other deep-sea systems, even though
the latter are overwhelmingly
greater in terms of both habitat area
and biological diversity. Much of
deep-sea biology remains at the descriptive
phase, with inferences being
based on correlative analysis of often
inadequate samples. A greater
emphasis on experimentation is needed
to understand basic physiological
processes such as growth and reproduction,
as well as ecological processes
that control populations and communities.
Continental slopes, with their
steep environmental gradients and
relatively easy access, are prime places
to conduct experiments that yield
insights into basic deep-sea processes;
indeed, experiments that are feasible
at slope depths are often impossible
in the abyss. Although Alvin
is capable of working at slope depths, there
are much better and cheaper alternatives
(both manned and unmanned) that
should receive full support from UNOLS
and NSF.
From all
indications, submergence science will continue to be driven
by the desire of geologists and geophysicists
to understand the dynamics of
the earth's crust. In biology,
I hope to see more focus on fundamental,
unresolved questions about how deep-sea
systems function at all levels of
biological integration. We need
place increased emphasis on non-vent
habitats. The deep sea can be sampled
with dredges, sledges, cameras,
trawls, etc. The great advantage
of submersibles is their ability to
conduct in situ experiments that test
ideas about the functioning of
deep-sea systems.
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
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The Abyss/Open Ocean:
4
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
3
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
1
Time Series - Long:
2
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
4
Global:
4
Name:
Marsh Youngbluth
Title:
Senior Scientist
Organization:
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution
Address:
5600 U.S. 1, North
City:
Fort Pierce
State/Province:
Florida
Country:
United States
ZIP Code:
34946
Email:
youngbluth@hboi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Sea Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Johnson-Sea-Link,
Pisces V, Cyana,
Delta, Ventana, Aglantha
3. Workshop Questions: Why should
organisms that live in water column
environments be investigated with
submersibles?
4. Region of Interest: Coastal seas
and open ocean environments
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Highly maneuverable crewed
and ROV submersibles adapted for operations
in the water column.
High resolution cameras with red light;
efficient sampling devices;
paired lasers; environmental sensors;
instrument offload and retrieval
capability
6. Abstract:
a) What are the current technological
limitations on your research, and
what science could you do if these
problems did not exist? b) What
capabilities should be generally available
for submergence science?
Science and
technology are intertwined. Understanding and
predicting how living organisms thrive
in the ocean interior or learning
how inorganic resources consolidate
and disperse at the seafloor are
difficult tasks. Applications
of submersibles (crewed vehicles, ROVs,
and more recently AUVs) enable direct
access to deep-water environments.
These mobile platforms, when equipped
with a suite of sensors, samplers,
lasers, and sonar, provide temporal
and spatial perspectives that are
impossible to obtain with conventional
devices like plankton nets, water
bottles, grab devices, and vertical
profilers. Judicious use of a broad
complement of submersibles should
significantly enhance assessments of
biological diversity, biogeochemical
phenomena and environmental change
in pelagic and benthic regimes.
However, at the moment major sources of
funding favor submersible systems
that support benthic rather than
pelagic operations. Assuming this
impediment to mid-ocean access can be
resolved, the technologies on the
various undersea vehicles that are
available for work in the upper 1000-2000
m of the water column need to
be upgraded in order to address ecological
questions related to
distribution patterns, behavioral
responses and population dynamics.
Camera systems, collecting devices,
environmental sensors and vehicle
controls should be improved with state-of-practice
systems. Submersibles
should be configured for quiet, variable
speed, ballast-controlled
operation. The ability to offload
and retrieve instrument packages
should be considered essential.
My research
has been focused on mesopelagic zooplankton, primarily
sort-bodied species. To better quantify
their predatory habits,
considerably more attention needs
to be given to the use and improvement
of high resolution, optical equipment
that can operate under red light.
Likewise, reliable measurements of
their metabolic rates requires
instrument packages that are configured
for replicated experimentation in
the natural environment rather than
shipboard laboratories. Computerized
systems that would simultaneously
sense a multitude of environmental cues
in near real-time would be advantageous
for short-term studies of their
behavioral responses to physical and
chemical signals. All of these
technologies are applicable to benthic
investigations.
c) Where do you see submergence science going in the next decade?
Forecasting
is risky, but based on my sense of impending scientific
challenges in the next decade, deep-diving
submersibles will be
indispensable for answering several
pertinent questions. For example, as
fish stocks are depleted or when recruitment
is poor are opportunistic
gelatinous zooplankton predators likely
to outcompete fishes? What are
the in situ rates, fluxes and mechanisms
that influence biogeochemical
processes in water column environments?
What are the effects of episodic
events on biological, chemical and
geological features? Is the magnitude
of chemicals and biota that are advected
from the ocean ridges important?
Should waste from fossil fuel (=liquid
CO2) be injected into the deep
>3500 m sea?
Future success
with direct intervention assumes that a greater array
of state-of-practice tools like high-definition
digital cameras, optical
sensors, dissolved nutrient and gas
analyzers, and high frequency
acoustics will be adapted to undersea
vehicles. Future accomplishments
will also depend on being at the right
place at the right time, not by
chance but by design. One effective
strategy would be to implement more
responsive deployments of submersibles.
For example, since episodic
plankton blooms and geothermal events
can be detected remotely,
opportunistic vehicle mobilization
would enhance observations of
community evolution and dissolution.
>From another perspective, it has been
obvious for a long time to
everyone who has used submersibles
that shallow and deep seas are
layered, in physical, chemical and
biological dimensions. The "new"
discoveries of thin layers via profiling
instruments need to be
aggressively sea-truthed with direct
observations from submersibles in
order to optimize and guide the progress
of models that target such
topics as recruitment, food web dynamics,
carbon transport,
remineralization, bioturbation, and
diagenesis. As more comprehensive in
situ programs are developed to observe
and record variability in deep
ocean environments, there will be
a commensurate increase in the need to
verify remotely gathered information
as well as to service the
instrumentation.
One
further thought is that in situ exploration should lead to in
situ experimentation. That's been
a guiding tenet for me and many of my
colleagues. It's no surprise
that the dynamic and alien nature of deep
marine habitats demands careful scrutiny.
Using submersibles as eyeballs
and elevators is insufficient.
Future progress in understanding deep
ocean processes will depend on carefully
organized plans that focus the
application of novel tools and new
technologies within representative
environments. More cross-disciplinary
transfer between biological,
chemical, and physical oceanographers
seems essential. For example,
currents carry cues for both larval
transport and settlement. Integrated
studies of fluid and hydrophilic signals
are just beginning in pelagic
and benthic boundary-layer regimes.
More extensive use of manipulative
field experiments will allow better
discrimination between alternative
hypotheses.
Future progress in science is always
illusive. It's easy to say that
access to deep pelagic and benthic
environments is available with
deep-diving vehicles. Unfortunately,
unless these platforms are used
frequently, they degrade, technologically
and operationally.
Coordination, networking, and education
should be improved throughout the
coming decade to ensure regular deployment
and continued development of
the meager number of research submersibles
that are used to conduct
scientific investigations worldwide.
Coordination, in the sense of
planning and scheduling, is tedious
but obvious. Training submersible
pilots and technicians is often overlooked
but essential. Networking, to
me, means communication and interaction
on an international scale. New
programs and facilities are coming
on line in Japan, France, and Norway.
Consequently, there are multifaceted
opportunities for US and foreign
scientists to collaborate and to establish
long-term, submersible-based
programs. This kind of interaction
is limited and yet feasible. Such
collaboration can broaden scientific
discoveries, which in turn might
just promote cooperative development
of "next generation" vehicles.
Education about the deep sea, at least
nationally, has been superficial.
What does that mean? Well, although
various media sources have increased
public awareness about interactions
between natural and anthropogenic
changes that occur in the deep oceans,
much of the scientific information
provided to the public is outdated
or wrong. Why? Perhaps because
federal support for deep-water investigations
from submersibles has been
relatively minor and narrowly focused.
This monetary constraint is
likely to continue in the future unless
programs for in situ work are
given higher priority and substantially
expanded.
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
1
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
5
Margins:
1
Shelf and Coastal:
5
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
1
Time Series - Long:
2
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
4
Global:
4
Email:
jzande@marinetech.org
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Hydrothermal
Vent Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ALVIN,
Johnson Sea-Links
3. Workshop Questions: Outreach opportunities
with submersibles
4. Region of Interest: Pacific, Gulf
of Mexico
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
6. Abstract:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
3
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
1
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
2
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long:
2
Time Series - Short:
2
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
4